Many four-conductor humbuckers can provide more than one useful sound simply by changing how their coils are connected.
This page provides practical examples of Pickup Mode and Pickup Selector switching for bass players repairing, upgrading, or modifying their instruments. It is intended as a community reference, with particular attention to the types of basses commonly used with Boscoe Music products: Music Man / Ernie Ball Music Man, Sterling by Music Man, and G&L instruments.
The diagrams on this page are examples of useful switching arrangements rather than a complete catalog of every possible circuit. They can also be adapted to many other four-conductor pickups once the individual coil leads have been correctly identified.
These diagrams are intended primarily for modifications, repairs, and custom wiring. They should not automatically be treated as exact factory-restoration diagrams for every production year or model.
Pickup manufacturers do not use a universal wire-color standard. Before following any switching diagram, identify the individual pickup leads and confirm that their functions match the wire convention shown in the diagram.
For pickup-specific wire colors and coil identification, see the Pickup Wiring Reference.
Two different kinds of switching are commonly found in basses using humbuckers.
A Pickup Mode switch changes how the coils inside a pickup are electrically connected.
A Pickup Selector switch determines which pickup or pickups are active and supplying signal to the rest of the bass.
These functions are independent of one another.
A single-pickup StingRay-style bass might use only a Pickup Mode switch.
A dual-pickup bass may use a Pickup Selector, a Pickup Mode switch, or both.
Many G&L L-Series basses also have a Preamp Selector, which controls a separate part of the instrument's electronics.
The three fundamental humbucker modes discussed on this page are Parallel, Series, and Single Coil.
In Parallel mode, both coils of the humbucker are active, with each coil connected across the pickup output.
Compared with Series wiring, Parallel generally provides:
lower output
a clearer and more open response
tighter low-frequency response
greater high-frequency extension
A properly wired humbucker remains hum-cancelling in Parallel mode.
Parallel is particularly important for Music Man-style basses because the classic late-1970s StingRay and Sabre pickups operated with their coils in Parallel.
For installations using the Boscoe Music MMSR77 or MMSA78 where the goal is to approximate the original vintage pickup/preamp interaction, Parallel is therefore the normal reference configuration.
In Series mode, both pickup coils are active, but the signal passes through one coil and then through the other.
Compared with Parallel wiring, Series generally provides:
higher output
greater resistance and inductance
a thicker and more powerful sound
greater low-mid emphasis
less high-frequency extension
A properly wired humbucker remains hum-cancelling in Series mode.
Parallel and Series therefore use the same two coils. The difference is the way those coils are electrically connected.
Many modern basses use Series wiring because of its stronger output and fuller response, while Parallel provides a useful alternative when a clearer or more vintage Music Man-style response is desired.
In Single Coil mode, only one coil of the humbucker is active.
The other coil is removed from the audio path.
Single Coil operation often provides:
lower output
a leaner or more open sound
different harmonic content from either Parallel or Series
greater sensitivity to the physical position of the selected coil
Because only one coil is active, Single Coil mode is not hum-cancelling.
Some additional 50/60Hz hum or environmental noise is therefore normal.
The choice of which coil remains active also matters. The two coils occupy slightly different positions beneath the strings, so selecting one coil rather than the other can produce a noticeably different response.
Inner Coils and Outer Coils are special applications of Single Coil operation used on basses with two humbuckers.
Instead of selecting one coil from one pickup, these modes select one coil from each humbucker.
The result is effectively a pair of single-coil pickup locations derived from the two existing humbuckers.
In Inner Coils mode, the two coils closest to the center of the bass remain active.
The outer coil of each humbucker is disabled.
In Outer Coils mode, the two coils farthest from the center of the bass remain active.
The inner coil of each humbucker is disabled.
These arrangements are often used to give a dual-humbucker bass access to sounds that behave more like familiar single-coil pickup layouts.
Depending on the physical location of the humbuckers and which coils are selected, Inner Coils or Outer Coils can be used to approximate aspects of Jazz Bass-style or Music Man-style pickup placement and response.
These should be thought of as tonal approximations rather than exact reproductions. Pickup construction, magnet type, coil position, spacing, loading, and the rest of the instrument's electronics all affect the final sound.
Because Inner Coils and Outer Coils use individual pickup coils, hum cancellation depends on the magnetic and electrical polarity of the selected pair. Some combinations will hum-cancel while others will not.
A Pickup Selector performs a different job from a Pickup Mode switch.
The Pickup Selector determines which pickup or pickups are active and providing sound.
A typical two-pickup bass provides three choices:
Neck Pickup — only the neck pickup supplies signal.
Both Pickups — both the neck and bridge pickups supply signal.
Bridge Pickup — only the bridge pickup supplies signal.
The Pickup Selector therefore answers the question:
Which pickup is active?
The Pickup Mode switch answers a different question:
How are the coils inside the active pickup or pickups connected?
A bass can use both systems simultaneously.
For example, a dual-humbucker G&L-style bass might use its Pickup Selector for Neck / Both / Bridge while a separate Pickup Mode switch provides Series / Inner Coils / Parallel.
Many G&L L-Series basses use three separate switches with three separate functions.
Pickup Selector — selects the Neck pickup, Both pickups, or Bridge pickup.
Pickup Mode — changes the coil configuration of the pickups.
Preamp Selector — controls the passive/active operating mode of the instrument.
It is important to keep these functions separate when reading a G&L wiring diagram.
The Pickup Selector and Pickup Mode circuits discussed on this page operate on the pickup signals.
The Preamp Selector is part of the instrument's active/passive electronics and is not covered by these pickup-switching diagrams.
Before modifying an existing bass:
Take clear photographs of the original wiring.
Label wires before disconnecting them.
Disconnect the battery if the instrument contains active electronics.
Identify the individual pickup coils before soldering.
Preserve pickup shields, bridge grounds, and existing ground connections.
Verify the actual contact arrangement of any ON/ON/ON switch with a multimeter.
Do not assume that toggle-handle direction identifies the corresponding internal contacts.
If you are modifying a working instrument, make one functional change at a time whenever practical.
Testing each stage before continuing makes troubleshooting much easier.
The switching diagrams on this page are drawn using the Sterling by Music Man / SBMM wire-color convention described below.
These colors represent coil functions. They are not a universal pickup-industry standard.
For the Sterling by Music Man H-1 configuration tested by Boscoe Music:
Red — North Coil (Neck) +
Black — North Coil (Neck) -
White — South Coil (Bridge) +
Green — South Coil (Bridge) -
Bare — Ground / shield
Sterling by Music Man has used different pickup constructions and wiring arrangements during different production periods.
Always verify the pickup in the instrument you are working on.
For the G&L MFD convention used in the Boscoe Music switching diagrams:
SBMM Red → G&L Yellow
SBMM Black → G&L Green
SBMM White → G&L White
SBMM Green → G&L Black
SBMM Bare → G&L Blue
This corresponds to:
Yellow — North Coil (Neck) +
Green — North Coil (Neck) -
White — South Coil (Bridge) +
Black — South Coil (Bridge) -
Blue — Ground / shield when provided as a separate conductor
G&L pickup wiring has varied over time.
The separate Blue shield connection becomes particularly important when modifying an MFD pickup for switching arrangements that require the Green coil lead to operate independently from the pickup shield.
For additional pickup manufacturers and tested wiring arrangements, see the Pickup Wiring Reference.
A switch should be identified by both the number of poles and its switching sequence.
Common examples used in bass wiring include:
DPDT ON/ON
DPDT ON/ON/ON
4PDT ON/ON
4PDT ON/ON/ON
DPDT means Double Pole, Double Throw.
4PDT means Four Pole, Double Throw.
Each additional pole allows another electrical connection to be switched at the same time.
A simple single-humbucker circuit can often be handled by a DPDT switch.
Changing the modes of two humbuckers simultaneously may require a 4PDT switch so that both pickups can be rerouted together.
ON/ON/ON switches require special attention.
Two ON/ON/ON switches can appear identical externally while making different internal connections in their center positions.
Boscoe Music diagrams identify these arrangements as Type 1 and Type 2.
Seller terminology is not always consistent, so do not rely only on a product listing or package description.
Use a multimeter in continuity mode to determine which terminals connect together in all three switch positions.
An ON/ON/ON switch is also not the same as an ON/OFF/ON switch.
If a wiring diagram specifies Type 1, use a Type 1 switch and the corresponding wiring.
If it specifies Type 2, use a Type 2 switch.
If a diagram specifies Type 1 or Type 2, either internal switch type can perform the function when wired appropriately.
The diagrams describe electrical functions and should not be interpreted as guaranteeing a particular physical up/down toggle orientation.
A four-conductor humbucker can provide several useful operating modes without replacing the pickup.
This is particularly useful for:
Sterling by Music Man StingRay-style basses
Music Man-style custom builds
single-humbucker basses
other instruments using conventional four-conductor humbuckers
The following diagram shows three common Pickup Mode switching arrangements using the SBMM wire-color convention.
A DPDT ON/ON Pickup Mode switch can select between:
Parallel
and:
Series
Both coils remain active in either position.
Parallel provides the clearer and generally lower-output configuration.
Series provides the thicker and generally higher-output configuration.
This is a useful modification when both full-humbucker sounds are desired but a Single Coil mode is unnecessary.
A DPDT ON/ON/ON Pickup Mode switch can provide:
Parallel
Single Coil
Series
The diagram includes wiring for both Type 1 and Type 2 ON/ON/ON switches.
Both versions provide the same three pickup modes, but their internal center-position contacts differ.
Use the portion of the diagram corresponding to the actual switch type being installed.
For a classic StingRay-style installation, Parallel is the important reference point.
The original late-1970s StingRay humbucker used both coils in Parallel, and the original preamp was designed around the electrical characteristics of that pickup configuration.
The same general consideration applies to the original Sabre pickup/preamp system.
For that reason, Boscoe Music normally recommends Parallel wiring when an MMSR77 or MMSA78 installation is intended to reproduce the vintage Music Man response as closely as practical.
Series wiring can still be used with these preamps, but the pickup will present a different resistance, inductance, output level, and frequency response to the preamp.
Many Sterling by Music Man basses use different pickup constructions and factory wiring arrangements. Some are wired in Series.
Adding a Pickup Mode switch to a compatible four-conductor pickup can make both Series and Parallel available, and an ON/ON/ON arrangement can also add Single Coil operation.
When adding a Pickup Mode switch to a bass with an onboard preamp, the switching normally occurs between the pickup and the preamp input.
If the goal is an exact restoration of an original Music Man or Ernie Ball Music Man switching system, use the appropriate factory wiring diagram rather than assuming one of these generic modification circuits is historically identical.
The Music Man Sabre uses two pickups, making its switching system more involved than a single-pickup StingRay.
The circuits on this page are useful for understanding and designing Pickup Selector and Pickup Mode functions, but they should not automatically replace the original Sabre switching arrangement.
When installing a Boscoe Music MMSA78 into an otherwise original Sabre-style instrument, the existing pickup-selection and phase-switching circuitry will normally remain ahead of the preamp.
The output of that switching network then feeds the preamp input.
For an original restoration, preserve or reproduce the appropriate factory switching circuit.
For a custom Sabre-style modification, the examples on this page can be used as building blocks for alternative switching arrangements.
A dual-humbucker instrument commonly uses a three-position Pickup Selector to determine which pickup or pickups provide the signal.
The usual choices are:
Neck Pickup
Both Pickups
Bridge Pickup
A DPDT ON/ON/ON switch can be used for this function.
The following diagram shows selector wiring for humbuckers operating in either Parallel or Series.
When the individual humbuckers are configured with their coils in Parallel, each completed pickup output is routed to the Pickup Selector.
The center position combines the outputs of both pickups.
When the individual humbuckers are configured with their coils in Series, the connections entering the Pickup Selector differ from the Parallel arrangement.
Use the appropriate portion of the diagram for the pickup configuration being installed.
Do not assume that the Parallel-mode selector wiring and Series-mode selector wiring are interchangeable.
The Pickup Selector chooses the active pickup or pickups.
It does not by itself determine whether the coils within those pickups are operating in Parallel, Series, or Single Coil mode.
A bass with two four-conductor humbuckers can combine a Pickup Selector with a separate Pickup Mode switch.
This is the basic arrangement found in many G&L-style switching systems.
The Pickup Selector determines whether the Neck pickup, Both pickups, or Bridge pickup is active.
The Pickup Mode switch then determines how the coils in the selected pickup or pickups operate.
The following examples show several useful ways to combine those functions.
They are particularly relevant to:
G&L L•2000 and L•2500-style modifications
custom instruments using G&L MFD pickups
dual-humbucker Music Man / Sterling-style modifications
other basses providing individual access to all pickup coil leads
The diagrams use the SBMM wire colors described earlier on this page.
For G&L MFD pickups, use the SBMM → G&L conversion table shown on each diagram.
This arrangement uses:
Pickup Selector — Neck / Both / Bridge
DPDT ON/ON/ON — Type 1 or Type 2
and:
Pickup Mode — Series / Parallel
4PDT ON/ON
The 4PDT Pickup Mode switch changes both humbuckers between Series and Parallel operation.
The separate Pickup Selector continues to determine whether the Neck pickup, Both pickups, or Bridge pickup is heard.
This arrangement retains both coils of each active humbucker in either Pickup Mode.
It is a useful choice when the goal is to switch between the clearer Parallel response and the stronger Series response without adding Single Coil operation.
This Series / Parallel arrangement does not require the G&L K-mod needed for the Inner Coils and Outer Coils circuits below.
The three-mode G&L examples below require the individual MFD coil connections to remain electrically independent from the pickup shielding.
In standard G&L MFD arrangements, the Green coil lead may also be connected to the pickup shield.
That is acceptable when Green can remain permanently grounded.
Inner Coils and Outer Coils switching requires Green to become part of the switched coil network.
The K-mod separates those functions:
Green — pickup coil connection
Blue — pickup shield/baseplate ground
For the G&L MFD configuration shown in the diagrams:
This wiring requires a K-mod pickup. Isolate the Green coil lead from the pickup shield and connect the shield to a separate Blue ground wire.
Green must then remain electrically independent so that the Pickup Mode switch can route it as required.
Blue remains connected to circuit ground to provide the pickup shield/baseplate ground.
Do not reconnect Green and Blue together when using either of the following three-mode circuits.
This arrangement uses:
Pickup Selector — Neck / Both / Bridge
DPDT ON/ON/ON — Type 1 or Type 2
and:
Pickup Mode — Series / Inner Coils / Parallel
4PDT ON/ON/ON — Type 2
In Series mode, both coils of each active humbucker operate in Series.
In Parallel mode, both coils of each active humbucker operate in Parallel.
In Inner Coils mode, only the coil from each pickup closest to the center of the instrument remains active.
This creates a two-single-coil arrangement using one coil from each humbucker.
Depending on pickup placement, the resulting active-coil spacing can provide a useful approximation of familiar Stingray or other centrally-located pickup configurations.
For G&L MFD pickups, this circuit requires the K-mod described above.
This arrangement uses:
Pickup Selector — Neck / Both / Bridge
DPDT ON/ON/ON — Type 1 or Type 2
and:
Pickup Mode — Series / Outer Coils / Parallel
4PDT ON/ON/ON — Type 2
In Series mode, both coils of each active humbucker operate in Series.
In Parallel mode, both coils of each active humbucker operate in Parallel.
In Outer Coils mode, only the coil from each pickup farthest from the center of the instrument remains active.
This produces another two-single-coil arrangement, but at different physical locations from Inner Coils mode.
Depending on the placement of the original humbuckers, this can provide a useful approximation of familiar Jazz Bass or other single-coil pickup positions and responses.
For G&L MFD pickups, this circuit requires the K-mod described above.
The most useful switching system depends on the bass and the goal of the modification.
For a single four-conductor humbucker:
DPDT ON/ON — Parallel / Series
provides two full-humbucker sounds.
DPDT ON/ON/ON Type 1 or Type 2 — Parallel / Single Coil / Series
adds a third Single Coil option.
For a vintage-style MMSR77 installation, Parallel remains the reference configuration for the classic late-1970s StingRay sound.
A Sabre-style bass has two pickups, so both pickup selection and coil configuration may need to be considered.
For an original-style installation using an MMSA78, preserving the existing Sabre pickup-selection and phase circuitry is normally preferable.
For a custom build or modification, the dual-humbucker examples on this page can be used as alternative switching options.
Before modifying a Sterling by Music Man bass, identify the actual pickup and its existing wiring.
Production configurations have varied.
If the pickup provides four independent coil conductors, Series / Parallel or Parallel / Single Coil / Series switching may be possible.
For a StingRay-style Boscoe preamp installation intended to approximate the vintage response, the Parallel mode provides the most relevant reference point.
A dual-humbucker G&L modification can combine:
DPDT ON/ON/ON Type 1 or Type 2 — Neck / Both / Bridge Pickup Selector
with:
4PDT ON/ON — Series / Parallel Pickup Mode
or:
4PDT ON/ON/ON Type 2 — Series / Inner Coils / Parallel Pickup Mode
or:
4PDT ON/ON/ON Type 2 — Series / Outer Coils / Parallel Pickup Mode
The Inner Coils and Outer Coils versions require K-modded MFD pickups as described above.
The Preamp Selector remains a separate part of the G&L Tri-Tone circuit.
G&L used more than one wiring arrangement during the production history of the L-Series instruments.
Some older USA L•2000 and L•2500 circuits used capacitors associated with Series mode that materially changed the resulting response.
The diagrams on this page primarily show the switching topology required for the indicated pickup modes.
They should not automatically be treated as component-for-component reproductions of every historical G&L wiring revision.
If restoring a specific vintage instrument, document the existing circuit before removing it and consult the appropriate factory schematic where possible.
For a modification or custom build, these diagrams provide practical examples of useful switching arrangements without requiring the rest of the instrument to duplicate a particular historical revision.
Before wiring an ON/ON/ON switch:
Disconnect the switch from all other wiring.
Set the multimeter to continuity mode.
Identify the switch terminals.
Move the toggle to the first position and record which terminals have continuity.
Move the toggle to the center position and record the connections.
Move the toggle to the third position and record the connections.
Compare the results with the Type 1 or Type 2 wiring diagram being used.
Do this before installing the switch in the instrument.
It is much easier to identify the switch type on the workbench than after pickup wires have already been soldered to it.
If the measured connections do not match the expected Type 1 or Type 2 pattern, do not assume the seller's description is correct.
Wire the circuit according to the switch contacts you actually measured.
Use only enough exposed conductor to make a reliable connection.
Avoid leaving loose strands or long bare leads that could contact an adjacent switch terminal.
Insulate soldered junctions with heat-shrink tubing where appropriate.
Keep pickup shield wires separate from switchable coil leads unless the specific wiring diagram instructs otherwise.
When installing a new switch into an existing bass, leave enough wire length that the switch or control plate can be removed later for service.
Do not assume that the metal body of a toggle switch provides a required circuit ground.
If the bass contains active electronics, complete the wiring before reconnecting the battery.
If you are modifying a working bass, test each functional change before moving on to the next part of the circuit.
Test the bass before reinstalling the cavity cover or control plate.
Connect the instrument to a clean amplifier at a moderate volume.
Check every combination of Pickup Selector and Pickup Mode positions that applies to the circuit.
Verify that:
each intended pickup operates
each intended pickup mode operates
no switch position is unexpectedly silent
the Neck position activates the neck pickup
the Both position activates both pickups
the Bridge position activates the bridge pickup
Series and Parallel sound noticeably different
Single Coil activates only the intended coil
Inner Coils activates the intended inner pair
Outer Coils activates the intended outer pair
no connection becomes intermittent when the switches or wiring are gently moved
Single Coil operation will normally produce more hum than a complete humbucker.
Inner Coils and Outer Coils may or may not hum-cancel depending on the pickup set and coil polarity.
If you are uncertain which coil is operating, lightly tapping the pickup pole pieces with a small steel screwdriver while the bass is connected at low amplifier volume can help identify the active coil.
Complete this testing before closing the instrument.
Verify the switch type first.
An ON/ON/ON switch with the wrong internal center-contact arrangement is a common cause of a circuit that works in two positions but fails in the third.
Also inspect for:
solder bridges between adjacent terminals
an unsoldered pickup lead
a broken jumper
incorrect switch-lug orientation
a conductor shorting to ground
or an incorrectly identified pickup coil lead
The switch may simply be mounted or viewed in the opposite orientation from the drawing.
If all intended electrical functions are present but their physical order is reversed, compare the actual switch orientation with the diagram before changing the circuit.
Do not assume a particular up/down toggle direction solely from the way a schematic or wiring drawing is displayed.
Verify that all four pickup coil conductors have been correctly identified and are connected to the intended switch terminals.
A permanently joined coil connection or an incorrect jumper can prevent the Pickup Mode switch from actually changing the pickup configuration.
Use a multimeter to identify the individual pickup coils if necessary.
This is normally expected.
A single pickup coil does not provide the normal hum cancellation of a complete humbucker.
First verify that the intended pair of coils is actually active.
Hum cancellation in a two-single-coil arrangement depends on the magnetic and electrical relationship between those coils.
A pickup set that was not designed around that combination may not hum-cancel in every Inner Coils or Outer Coils arrangement.
A very thin, hollow, or unusually weak sound with both pickups active can indicate that the two pickups are electrically out of phase with each other.
Verify the pickup lead functions before changing shield or ground connections.
Do not use a pickup shield connection as a substitute for a coil lead.
This is normally expected.
Series operation generally produces greater output, higher effective inductance, and a thicker response than Parallel.
Verify that both MFD pickups have been correctly K-modded.
The Green coil lead must be electrically independent from the pickup shield.
The shield should use the separate Blue ground wire.
Also verify that the Pickup Mode switch is a 4PDT ON/ON/ON Type 2 switch.
Verify that the Pickup Selector is actually an ON/ON/ON switch rather than an ON/OFF/ON switch.
Use a multimeter to verify the center-position contacts.
Also confirm that the selector wiring matches the pickup configuration shown in the appropriate diagram.
The switching diagrams on this page require access to the individual pickup coil connections.
A conventional four-conductor humbucker is generally suitable once its leads have been mapped to the functions shown in the diagram.
A pickup with only two external conductors and internally connected coils cannot normally be changed between Series, Parallel, and Single Coil modes without modifying the pickup itself.
Pickups containing onboard electronics or unusual internal switching may require manufacturer-specific wiring.
G&L MFD pickups used with the Inner Coils or Outer Coils circuits require independent access to the Green coil lead and pickup shield as described in the K-mod section.
Always identify the pickup before applying a generic switching diagram.
The wire colors shown in these diagrams are not what makes the circuits work.
What matters is correctly identifying:
North Coil (Neck) +
North Coil (Neck) -
South Coil (Bridge) +
South Coil (Bridge) -
and:
Ground / shield
Once those functions have been identified, pickups using other wire-color conventions can be translated to the same switching topology.
For manufacturer-specific examples, see the Pickup Wiring Reference.
For pickup wire colors, coil identification, and basic Series/Parallel wiring information, see the Pickup Wiring Reference.
For installations using a Boscoe Music preamp or wiring harness, also refer to the product-specific manual for information about the preamp input, grounding, control wiring, and other connections.
These switching diagrams are provided as a community reference and as practical examples of ways to add useful Pickup Mode and Pickup Selector functions to a bass.
If you are uncertain about the switch type or pickup wiring, verify the circuit with a multimeter before soldering.
If you have any questions about installation or compatibility, please contact us!